Hi Claire is the 5 cups of water in addition to the water used to soak overnight? But they do require at least 2 . The Cook's Companion, 2nd Revised Edition: The Complete Book of Ingredients and Recipes for the Australian Kitchen. Only 5 books can be added to your Bookshelf. So much fruit for not too much effort. A traditional cumquat jam, with a recipe handed down over generations, that is packed full of flavour. You will still need to cut the cumquats into quarters, but then just cut across the top to get the pith out. Tie the top. I simplify natural living for busy mums. Maggie and Colin have a new sunroom. So glad you liked it and you are welcome. Place on a tray and put in the oven at about 150 degrees for 10 minutes until well and truly dry. Marmalade came from the Portuguese orange Marmelos. This should be quite a thick consistency. The jam will still appear a bit runny whilst it is still hot. Whichever it is, its truly a delicious jamalade or marmajam ;). 4. Yum! Cumquat Marmalade - Stephanie Alexander recipe. I have been making this recipe for several years and it has created quite a reputation for my cumquat jam production, as I give most of it away to family and friends. Her dedicated section on cumquats proffered the perfect recipe to trial. Technically your could, but the secret of this cumquat jam recipe is that it uses the pith and seeds for pectin. I think it plays tricks on all of us from time to time. To test if the marmalade is ready, place a teaspoon of it onto a cold saucer and place in freezer for 2 minutes. At Eat Your Books we love great recipes and the best come from chefs, authors and bloggers who have spent time developing and testing them. Regularly skim off the froth as it comes to the surface. Ahh yes that would make sense. Thank you for such a great recipe which worked seamlessly. For the first time in three years I didnt burn my cumquat marmalade. It literally took just over an hour total time (not including the over-night soak). Might be a bit too zingy? As soon as I have cumquats from this years harvest I will measure it for you. Preserves. Next year I will be more careful about pollinating more flowers to get more than one melon. Thank you for the recipe. Not having to remove the pips and slice the cumquats is so awesome! Hence, I cant wait to try your recipe. There is more about country life and country cooking in Rosas Farm by Rosa Mitchell. How much is kg, in cup (1kg of cumquat is how much in cup or quart or? This way you can then cut the centre pith out without digging around in the fruit. I first made this a few years ago and my grandmother rang me after sampling her jar to tell me it was the best cumquat jam shed ever had. Grab your free Wholefood Snacks eBook below & click here for more about me. Have tried many cumquat recipes but THIS one is just wonderful so easy to prepare with great results, love it, great texture. Tip Wash jars and lids in hot soapy water to sterilise. I just open the packet and stir it in when its finished cooking, when its melted bottle it. Once the jam is ready, allow it to cool slightly before pouring it into sterilised bottles (see tips below). Sauces. Lucky for me, with chinotti nigh impossible to find in China, cumquats are offered in abundance. Stir until sugar is all dissolved, then bring to the boil. Ingredients 2 cups prepared kumquats 1 cup white sugar 1 cup cold water Zest and juice of 1 lemon 1 star anise (I removed it after 10 minutes of simmering) small pinch of cayenne Directions Quarter kumquats lengthwise; cut off the white center membrane and remove seeds. White sugar may be substituted for raw sugar. If you have sterilised your jars properly, then the jam should last for a very long time on the shelf. A traditional cumquat jam, with a recipe handed down over generations, that is packed full of flavour. My sugar created a bit of a plug about half way through my brandy pour so, with the lid securely on, I gave it a bit of a jiggle and shake to loosen it up then poured in the remaining brandy. Hi Karin. Easy and delicious! I like mine to have chunky bits of kumquats in them. Hi Astrid. But, like anything in life, if you put in the hard yards upfront, you will be ultimately rewarded. I ended up putting it all through a sieve and using it as a drizzle on numerous desserts I think the only difference between jam and marmalade is marmalade is made with citrus fruits! I have made jars of pesto and still have armfuls of basil. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The onset of winter has slowed growth in Stephanie Alexander's garden, but the lemon tree is laden, the garlic has started growing and the kale is plentiful. It needed a big cutback and took quite a while to recover - happily the boughs are once again laden. Youre very welcome! Thanks Charlie x. I was drinking tea like a normal person until I read dead old woman and nearly fainted. You will need to match this with the sugar very soon. Boil and stir 1 minute. A basic jam drop, where I would usually use raspberry or apricot, is the perfect home for cumquat jam. This cumquat jam recipe is really easy and quick and tastes delicious unlike some kumquat marmalade recipes that can be quite tricky, fiddly and time-consuming especially when using fruit with seeds. HI Caroline, I always leave mine. Or, you can refrigerate if you have space. Hi Pamela. In this recipe, standard white sugar is used. Place pith and seeds into a saucepan and bring to the boil. Instructions Straining time: 3-4 hours Cut the cumquats in half and place them in a saucepan. With my scissors in one hand and the fruit in another, I pick the pieces up one by one, cut the pith and any seeds out of each quarter, put them into the middle bowl and then the remaining piece of fruit into the food processor bowl. Cumquat Marmalade Recipe Stephanie Alexander. With the almond tree in flower and nectarine in bud, Stephanie Alexander cuts back the capsicum bushes and cooks the cumquats down to jam. That sounds wonderful Teresa. Just note my tip above about not doubling or tripling recipes. Great idea to strain it and use as a syrup Marea. Having them fresh makes them easier to cut. Also I grate a few sweet pears or apples with some ginger and put into the micro oven for a few minutes. a pickle party : part two mummas lemons and curd, Wash the jars and lids in fresh, hot soapy water, then rinse and stand them in your sink or draining board, Place the lids in a clean bowl (any old bowl, just not plastic), Pour boiled water (I do it straight from the kettle) into each jar, right up to the brim (let it overflow if you must) and over the lids so that theyre completely covered, Let the jars and lids stand for a few minutes (at least 10 Id say) then carefully tip out the water making sure you dont burn yourself* or touch the rims as you go, Allow them to air dry, upside down on your dish rack, Be sure to avoid touching the rim or inside of the jars as much as possible. Weve helped you locate this recipe but for the full instructions you need to go to its original source. Ahh well then I guess this is a marmalade or can I call it a citrus jam? It will set into a jam consistency once it cools. 2. Ive had cumquats for a while and never new what to do with then. Second test, two distinct blobs means its ready. 1kg to 5 cups of sugar??? 1kg -1 cup Remove 1 cup of water / liquid. The more cumquats I grew at home, the more inventive I had to be to use them. There is so little time sometimes between feed sleep and loosing it isnt there? If not, keep cooking the marmalade for another five minutes, then retest. They were also big and juicy. I cant see why that wouldnt work Joyanne if you like it a bit thicker. Yum! Hi Pam. The jam/marmalade looks so gorgeous with the green covers. Place into an oven at 110 degrees Celsius (230 degrees Fahrenheit for 10-15 minutes. To test whether the mix is ready to set, stick a couple of small plates in the freezer after youve added the sugar. Place jars into canner with simmering water, ensuring that they are completely covered with water. Because this fruit is small, it's easiest to first cut the fruit in half, then in quarters. Note: Before starting the cooking process, the quantity of fruit needs to be measured, to determine the amount of sugar to be included. I went into a panic yesterday when your blog wasnt finding the recipe for me and I couldnt find any other recipe where you left the pips in. Yes indeed. Poor Guppy!! Cut kumquats in quarters. Thanks Em! It is easy to scoop out the pips they seem to float to the top the few that dont are soft and edible if they get noticed at all. allconsuming.com.au Sandrah. Cumquat Marmalade 2kg cumquats caster sugar Cut the fruit into quarters Put in a ceramic bowl and barely cover with water Let sit overnight Measure out the fruit and liquid, counting how many cups it makes*, into a large heavy based saucepan Bring to the boil and cook until the fruit is soft Add the same number cups of sugar as there were fruit Bring to the boil and cook until the fruit is soft. That one is a bit tricky to answer. BTW I have made lemon and lime marmalade and that was delicious but more time consuming than this simple easy pesy recipe. And I have made a third batch of cumquat marmalade. I'm often asked whether the Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden program offers support to schools with a vegetable garden but no kitchen. If its runny, keep cooking. Run your finger through the jam on the plate. Allow the mix to cool for about 10-15 minutes then gently stir the mixture before pouring into sterilised jars. The lids can be sterilised this way as well, provided there is no plastic inside them. Kavita I thought it was marmalade if it had the peel in it. An Eat Your Books index lists the main ingredients and does not include 'store-cupboard ingredients' (salt, pepper, oil, flour, etc.) Too much travelling leaves not enough time for gardening, though I think my energies will also be revived by spring's milder weather. I found I had to boil it for a lot longer though to get it to the consistency I wanted. An Eat Your Books index lists the main ingredients and does not include 'store-cupboard ingredients' (salt, pepper, oil, flour, etc.) I threw a vanilla bean in when boiling the fruit just to mKe it a bit more interesting. Sounds great, I have a bumper crop this year from just 2 pots of nagami kumquats and will give this recipe a try. From another window I can enjoy a very large orchid. I have also harvested my first ever watermelon and I was really very excited about it. Add enough cold water to cover and bring to a gentle boil. Place the remaining fruit into a food processor and puree. ** I sterilise my jars by rinsing in warm soapy water then putting in a low oven for at least 10 minutes. And I rescued my almond crop before the birds found it. The Cumquat Marmalade recipe is from "The Cooks Companion", by Stephanie Alexander. My Mother's cumquat marmalade from The Cook's Companion, 2nd Revised Edition: The Complete Book of Ingredients and Recipes for the Australian Kitchen by Stephanie Alexander. I had never made jam or marmalade until coming to Shanghai, but as they say, necessity is the mother of invention. Tip: If you have a pair of sharp kitchen scissors, these will also make the job a little bit easier. That said, I have no idea what the difference is. Woo! I always try to work with smaller quantities just in case. Once tender, add the number of cups of fruit and water (previously measured) in sugar. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. Heat the fruit for five minutes before adding 1 cup of sugar to every cup of fruit. Wash the cumquats and cut them into quarters. 4. The first few pomegranates are ripening on my tree. I guess it does also depend on how juicy your fruit is too. I can quarter, de-seed and remove the pith of one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of cumquats and have the fruit processed and all bowls covered with water in under an hour. I like this jam because I dont have to remove the seeds but if you do want to, make sure you keep them, wrap them up in a little bit of muslin cloth and then put them in the pot with the fruit while it cooks. Its delicious on most things but I love it on friands and also chocolate lava cakes! The longer you cook it the darker it will go. Condiments. The seeds contain pectin which helps the jam to set. The colour was fantastic. Marmalade is similar to jam but made only from bitter Seville oranges from Spain or Portugal. Stephanie's Cumquat Marmalade: 2 kg cumquats, washed sugar I only had 500 grams of cumquats left after my first batch of brandying, but the recipe is written in such a way that it's easy to adapt to whatever quantity of fruit you can get your hands on. This prevents the bottles from moving around once the water starts to circulate. Cumquat Marmalade. First timer here, do you leave the skin on the cumquats before cutting please? When ready, remove from heat and allow to settle for 10 minutes. This cumquat jam is made using only a few simple ingredients and can be used in so many ways. And I rescued my almond crop before the birds found it. Theyre a great one to grow at home as the trees can produce a lot of fruit in a small space. Brandied Cumquats. She used to have cumquat skins all over the window sills drying for various herbal concoctions. If youre planning on keeping your jam at room temperature for a period of time or really even if you want to keep it in the fridge its recommended you sterilise your jars to kill any bacteria that might be lurking. If the recipe is available online - click the link View complete recipe if not, you do need to own the cookbook or magazine. Pour the processed fruit into a separate bowl, and also cover with just enough water to coat the fruit. This will help loosen the fruit segments from the rind. Be sure to follow me onInstagramand tag @clairekcreations so I can see all the wonderful Claire K Creations recipes and creations YOU make! The seeds contain pectin and that is what helps the jam to set. There are other recipes on the internet for easy cumquat jam and ones that leave the seeds in. Do not Sell or Share My Personal Information, 1 package (1-3/4 ounces) powdered fruit pectin. We made this in Japan, they sold huge bags of cumquats at the local market for a few measly $ and the jam was delish! Good luck with the next batch! Remove jars and cool. However, after a quick search Ive found the following info Cumquats were once classified as Citrus but they now are accepted as belonging to their own genus Fortunella. Theres a lot of info on sterilising on the net but my preferred method is as follows: Once sterilised, its just a matter of filling your jar (or jars in my case) with the cumquats (and vanilla bean) pouring in the sugar and finishing with the brandy. Haha Lydia yep Im way too lazy to remove all the pips! See the photos above to see how much water is necessary. Yum Jen. Bring to a boil; process for 10 minutes. Its versatile. Remove from freezer and press your finger gently against the marmalade to see if it wrinkles and has formed a skin. Put all of this (not the seeds) into a saucepan. Place the lids on and turn the marmalade upside down. Since Im just a beginner in jamming, I followed the recipe head to toe, and it tasted delicious so far and was going great. Remove from the oven and use as soon as possible. I agree, most of ours goes to friends and family. Now I put a lemon jelly in if it doesnt set on the plate. Do not put it in the fridge. If the blob remains separate, then its ready. Toggle navigation. I had a quick peep at her preview copy and was enchanted. Once defrosted, one batch would probably last (and this is a guess) 1-2 weeks in the fridge. Thanks Claire for sharing your very easy recipe :). A former corporate business executive, Kerri is now the content creator for Beer and Croissants. Citrus Brown Sugar-Cured Pork Belly with Kumquat Compote, Dandelion Greens and Fava Beans Pork Foodservice. Bring to boil, then reduce heat and simmer, covered, for 30 minutes until kumquats are soft. Process the remainder of the fruit. Remove air bubbles and adjust headspace, if necessary, by adding hot mixture. Just need the lemons to ripen. 2. Oh. All DonE! I only had 500 grams of cumquats left after my first batch of brandying, but the recipe is written in such a way that its easy to adapt to whatever quantity of fruit you can get your hands on. Faye Robinson, Pensacola, Florida, Kumquat Marmalade Recipe photo by Taste of Home. So I am assuming you are quite correct in calling it jam. Claire, such a funny story. Hi Colin as your comment was in June you have probably fixed your problem, but in case you didnt I always get a hit and miss with jams and marmalades not sure why tried using thermometer tried using jam setter and sometimes it just dont wanna work. Careful not to add too much water, otherwise it will take a considerably long time to get the marmalade to setting point the next day. This should also be left overnight on a bench, not in the fridge. MICROWAVE KUMQUAT MARMALADE (or any other fruit jam) a la John. Love this recipe, thank you Claire! And I dont weight anything, just use my senses and cool judgment. Put fruit and seeds into a bowl and just cover with water (around 1.5-1.7L) and leave to soak overnight. Thank you!! You can use any jars you like. I set up a production line when I prepare the fruit. More from Latest News Do not put it in the fridge. I created a fun little group onfacebookand Id love for you to join in! It has long elegant sprays of primrose-yellow flowers that are a delight for at least a month. I just cant believe how much sugar people add to kumquat jams!!!!!!!!!! Generally, we use jars that are around 385g (0.8 lb). For the first time in the 25 years I've lived in this house, my lemon tree went through a few months without any fruit. A cumquat (or kumquat) is a small citrus fruit with edible peel about the size of a grape. Im about to try the recipe (first timer) just wondering if white sugar would help it to not turn brown ? Did go very dark and assume this is from the raw sugar. Boil rapidly until it reaches setting stage - about 70 minutes. Harvesting pupil-grown silverbeet will build pride and self-esteem, and increase the student's understanding of the environment, but it doesn't achieve the same result as showing a child how to roll and slice it, how to saut it with olive oil and garlic, mix it with ricotta and use it to fill homemade pasta. It's important to start with fresh cumquats. I do a bit of a scrape before I jar it and get rid of all the ones that are easy to get up but it doesnt seem to be a big deal. Each container provides a perfect sauce for a grilled eggplant or a bowl or two of pasta, enlivened with more of that basil and some extra virgin olive oil. Will I need to refrigerate it ? Enjoy! I macerated the fruit and water after the initial 30 minute boiling in a food processor. If youre really pedantic (like me) I suggest that you sterilise your utensils too if you havent used them in the cooking process, but need them for bottling. Bring to a boil and keep stirring, so it doesnt stick to the saucepan. Yay! Back home I opened a 2005 Stonewell Shiraz in memory of Peter. fireline multi mission; replacing a concealed shower valve Place in a bowl, add the water and cover the bowl then set aside over night. Sorry Im not sure the answer to this and cant seem to find it on Google. Thanks for a great recipe! This is the most important part of the process but the most time-consuming. When I have an abundance of cumquats, I also turn them into relishes, pickles and chutneys, along with syrups which is perfect for making ice cream. Tie seeds into muslin or a clean handkerchief. Five gourmet food subscription boxes to enjoy the finer snacks in life, The best new restaurant and bar openings around Australia, Lemon-scented labneh with fig and beetroot, Sweet and sour eggplant skewers with coconut and kale sambal, What's on: Top events and experiences happening around Australia, Invite your tastebuds for a trip around the globe with these world food subscription boxes, Seven quality steak knives that even vegetarians will find use for, GT Food News: Your news wrap for all things food, Prosciutto-wrapped lamb with peach and mozzarella, The best restaurants in Adelaide right now, Barbecued Balmain bugs with charred corn salsa. Divide between sterilised jars and seal them up. Before starting the cooking process, the quantity of fruit needs to be measured, to determine the amount of sugar to be included. I personally have only used the one type of sugar for this recipe but others have successfully made it using other sugars. This cumquat jam is made using only a few simple ingredients and can be used in so many ways. Just made this jam. Your email address will not be published. Perfect on wholemeal toast with a touch of butter. Your mention of Japan has reminded me of my Ahpor (Chinese granny) when I was little. Different recipes suggest different cooking times after youve added the sugar. In amongst the touring and talking will be a delicious little Easter break with friends. Hopefully it will bring good fortune. Thanks for sharing. * Lots ofproperpreserving people suggest you use. Any tips on how to store it? The fruit juice was tart and delicious, but the smallness of the tree has proved once and for all that citrus don't thrive in the shade. Bring to the boil and keep stirring so it doesnt stick to the saucepan. She travels the world with her husband helping those who love and aspire to travel through their honest, down to earth stories and information. So if you measured 10 cups of cumquat/water mix, add 10 cups of sugar. Keep in mind different types of sugar have been processed differently so may take longer to cook or may brown more quickly. And, there is less mess. Hi marmalade/jam debaters. Saturday night I chopped them up, Sunday I boiled it all up, popped it in some jars and decorated them. The tree was moved and has flourished in its new location. I might do the same with a grapefruit or orange. To test if it's ready, place a small plate in the fridge. Its important to start with fresh cumquats (or kumquats as they are known in the US). Other recipes that use cheesecloth to hold the pith and seeds while boiling them in with the fruit and sugar, just ends up making a huge sticky mess. i love my cumquat jam but the pips in the slicing preparation ! Looking for recipe w less sugar. 3. All parts of the fruit are used in this jam. Only 5 books can be added to your Bookshelf. They do have to struggle for sunshine so will not be prize specimens. Dietary information. headspace. Always check the publication for a full list of ingredients. Better to do two batches. This exquisite Spring Ragot as a first course is a labour of love as not only does it feature double-peeled broad beans, peeled baby turnips and artichokes . Cooking jam with old fruit doesn't work as well either. Am just waiting to try some on a piece of bread and butter. It couldnt be much simpler. We dont recommend changing the amount of sugar required. It was made to a recipe (which follows) from Stephanie Alexander's The Cook's Companion (1996, 2004) which came from Alexander's mother, Mary Burchett, to whom to book is dedicated. Thanks so much for taking the time to tell me about your jam-making experience Kath. Had some difficulty as the bit where you dont stir I ended up with burnt fruit sticking to the bottom of pan despite having made it in my heavy based pan. Rosemarie. Rinse kumquats; cut in half and remove seeds. Now I love using them for marmalade. Find step-by-step photos and instructions below. Cumquat jam can be used as a breakfast item but is also great in cakes and biscuits. There is no specific measurement for this, but I always like to try and use the largest and juiciest lemon I can find. Refrigerate. I know, its definitely not the fastest prep going, but it is indeed worth the effort. if you removed 7 cups of fruit/liquid, then add 7 cups of caster sugar). Cumquats (Kumquats) are a small, bright orange citrus fruit. I make it every year from home grown cumquats, but the setting of the marmalade was always hit and miss (mostly miss ). Remove segments from rind and set both aside. Ive got 3 kilos. Your email address will not be published. Marea. Hi Danielle. This recipe does not currently have any reviews. If you have sterilised the jars properly, you should be able to store your jam in the pantry as you would any commercially bought jar of jam. Wash the bottles and their lids thoroughly in hot soapy water, then rinse in very hot water. You can but the result will be different. Bring the water to a boil and leave for 10 minutes before removing them. Transfer mixture to a large saucepan and stir in lemon juice. Makes around 3L. Oh no Mariana how disappointing Im sorry. If youd like to check it out, you can request to joinHERE. Looks like Im off to pick fruit again! This month, Stephanie Alexander cuts back the capsicum bushes and cooks the cumquats down to jam. Stir in pectin. Allowing the mix to cool slightly before bottling will help prevent the fruit sinking to the bottom of your jars! Im just waiting for the fruit on my tree to ripen so I can make some myself. That was a very awkward auto-correct! Good Eats. Stephanie suggests that you give the cumquats a stir every few weeks (with a sterilised skewer) to help dissolve the sugar and rotate the cumquats through the brandy. COPYRIGHT 2014-2023 BEER AND CROISSANTS. Cook for 10 minutes. 2kg cumquats, washed; sugar . Thank you. Thanks goodness I have a friend with a Cumquat tree! After 20 minutes put a drop onto the cold saucer and see if it will set. Place a tea towel on the bottom of a large pot and put the bottles on top. I cut my load to remove the seeds and sprinkle the whole lot with sugar to drain off excess juice. Shouldnt you stir occasionally-every 5 minutes to keep it from scorching? Cut the cumquats in half. You will need to match this with the sugar very soon. Quarter cumquats, removing seeds* and set aside. It's so good! Also when making a marmalade, the skin is used and not the whole fruit, for instance kumquat jam. Thank you Kerri for your amazing family recipe. Put a saucer in the freezer. Biggest issues were the pips (didnt know there were so many to remove :-D) and the length of time it took for the jam to look anywhere near set. Your email address will not be published. How do you find it with the pips in amongst the jam? You dont even have to take the pips out! Now jam isnt always the easiest thing ever to make. Boil for about 20 to 30 minutes. Place in a large bowl with water, cover with cling film and stand in a cool place overnight. Cooking time shouldnt exceed 30 minutes. Im going to give it a go and see what its like. I do this with the pyrex jug and spatula I use for scooping, pouring and scraping into jars. Measure out the fruit into cups and note how many cups you have. It needs to age for at least 6 months so you have to be strong! The almond tree is in flower and the quince is in bud, as are the doughnut peaches, regular peach and nectarine. Ive made a zillion different kinds of marmalade but I dont think Ive ever made lemon. The worst thing about having to boil so long is that the mixture looses all the golden colour and will always end up brown. Next time try 2 kilo max. AS it settles in the jars, I dont have any scum at all, just jam. You could experiment cutting it down. Maybe I should venture into cross cultural preserving?! Post was not sent - check your email addresses! After boiling for a while (lets say 15 minutes), remove the pot from the heat and allow the mix to settle then put a blob of liquid on your frozen plate. I am however very lazy and do not pull all the pips out of these tiny fruits and secure in a muslin bag. This will be used to test the jam later. Add it to your morning breakfast items, swirl it through a cake or use it as the filling for jam drops. If by chance ample bottles are not lurking in your kitchen cupboards, I venture to think you could freeze small batches in plastic containers. For this recipe you simply quarter, soak, boil, sweeten, boil, bottle (I summarise). Recipe from Stephanie Alexander's Cook's Companion. Soaked fruit (pips are hiding), measured into a well loved Le Creuset. Joyanne did you try it with less water and sugar? Slice quarters into small pieces. How long will it be fresh? 3. Directions at allconsuming.com.au Never lose a recipe again, not even if the original website goes away! My gardener has hoisted the large pot onto my outside table so I can catch a glimpse of it every few minutes as I pass to and fro. At this stage, it does not matter whether you cooked with 300g, 500g, or 800g. Hi Amy. This is only my second attempt at jam making, my first resulted in Rosella toffee. Place in a food processor; process until coarsely chopped. Im just about to harvest from my tree this year and make another batch! Shopping . Gorgeous! Required fields are marked *. Put pith and seeds into a bowl and put enough water in just to cover them.